How to Draw a Book

Žingsnis po žingsnio

1. Step 1

   Piešti stuburo kaip trumpa linija žemyn viduryje.

   Everything hangs off this. The spine is the hinge, and both page halves are measured from it - which is why drawing it first stops the book coming out bent.

   Saugotis Starting with a page and adding the spine afterwards.

   Patikrinti It should be vertical and near the middle of your page.

2. Step 2

   Piešti kiekvieno puslapio viršutinis kraštas, šiek tiek linksta vienas į kitą.

   These are the edges going away from you, so they converge. Not dramatically - a few degrees is enough. This single detail is what separates a box from a folded rectangle.

   Saugotis Drawing them parallel, or worse, diverging.

   Patikrinti Extended, the two lines should eventually meet.

3. Step 3

   Uždaryti kiekvieną puslapį su išorės kraštas artėja į jus.

   These are the short edges of the covers. Keep them roughly the same length as each other - the two halves of an open book are the same size, and any difference reads as a mistake rather than as perspective.

   Saugotis Making one cover visibly longer than the other.

   Patikrinti Both outer edges should be about the same length.

4. Step 4

   Prisijunkite prie stuburo krašto išorinių kraštų.

   This closes the two page shapes. Corners must actually meet - overshoot slightly and let the lines cross rather than aiming to stop exactly on the point, because a crossed corner reads as closed and a gap does not.

   Saugotis Stopping just short, leaving four small gaps.

   Patikrinti Every corner should be closed or slightly crossed.

5. Step 5

   Piešti storio: trumpos linijos žemyn nuo kiekvieno išorinio kampo.

   A book is a solid, not a sheet. These three short verticals turn the flat shape into a box, and they must all be the same length - unequal ones make the book look warped.

   Saugotis Making the three drop lines different lengths.

   Patikrinti All three verticals should measure the same.

6. Step 6

   Prisijunkite prie tų linijų apačios uždaryti apatinę pusę.

   Now the box is complete. These lines run parallel to the edges directly above them - if they do not, the thickness of the book changes along its length, which is the classic wobbly-box look.

   Saugotis Drawing these at a different angle from the edges above.

   Patikrinti Each bottom edge should run parallel to the one above it.

7. Step 7

   Pridėti puslapio kamino kaip dviejų ar trijų trumpų eilučių kiekviename krašte.

   Pages read as a stack, not a slab. Two or three lines following the cover edge is enough for the eye to fill in hundreds - drawing more just makes it look hatched.

   Saugotis Drawing one hard line, which reads as solid wood.

   Patikrinti You should see distinct layers, not a filled band.

8. Step 8

   Į kiekvieną puslapį šalia stuburo nubrėžkite šiek tiek kreivės.

   Open pages are not flat - they dip toward the spine. Adding that curve is the difference between an open book and two flat cards taped together, and it takes one stroke each side.

   Saugotis Leaving the pages perfectly flat.

   Patikrinti Each page should dip slightly as it approaches the spine.

9. Step 9

   Pridėti eilutes teksto, pagal puslapio kampas.

   Text lines run parallel to the top edge of the page they sit on, which means they are NOT horizontal - they lean with the perspective. Drawing them level is the fastest way to flatten a book you have just built.

   Saugotis Drawing the text lines horizontally.

   Patikrinti The text lines should lean the same way as the page's top edge.

10. Step 10

    Išarkite knygos pusę nuo šviesos.

    Work in one direction rather than scrubbing back and forth. Scrubbing gives an even grey, which is exactly the thing that makes a drawing look flat, so lay the strokes the same way and build the darkness in passes.

    Saugotis Being too timid. Beginners routinely stop two or three steps short of dark enough.

    Patikrinti The dark side should be clearly darker than the mid tone, not slightly.

11. Step 11

    Įdėkite šešėlį ant paviršiaus.

    The cast shadow is darkest where it touches the book and softens as it moves away. It also anchors the object to a surface - without it the book floats, however well you have shaded it.

    Saugotis Drawing it as an even grey blob detached from the object.

    Patikrinti It should touch the object and be darkest at that contact point.

12. Step 12

    Pereik linijas, kurias norite išlaikyti, ir prarask vadovus.

    This is the step that turns a construction drawing into a finished one, and it is the one most people skip. Press harder on the outline and the features; leave the small stuff light. That difference in weight is what makes a drawing look deliberate rather than traced, and it costs thirty seconds.

    Saugotis Going over everything at the same weight, which flattens the drawing back out.

    Patikrinti The outline should be clearly darker than the smallest details.