How to Draw an Apple

Hatua kwa hatua

1. Hatua 1

   Chora duara pana kidogo kuliko urefu wake.

   Start round and correct it later. An apple is not a perfect sphere but it is much closer to one than beginners draw it - most people go straight for the dented top and end up with a shape that reads as a pepper.

   Jihadhari Drawing the classic 'apple silhouette' from memory instead of the round mass that is actually there.

   Chunguza Slightly wider than tall, and no dent yet.

2. Hatua 2

   Pasha shuka kidogo juu, mbali kuelekea upande mmoja.

   The dip where the stem sits is rarely centred, and putting it slightly to one side immediately makes the apple look like a real one rather than a logo. Keep the dent shallow.

   Jihadhari Cutting a deep V into the top. Real apples dimple, they do not fold.

   Chunguza The dent should be off-centre and gentle enough to still read as a circle.

3. Hatua 3

   Tuache sehemu ya chini ipumzike kidogo.

   Almost nothing in nature is symmetrical, and an apple leans. Nudging the base a little away from the dent gives the fruit a direction, which reads as weight.

   Jihadhari Making the outline perfectly symmetrical, which looks designed rather than observed.

   Chunguza Draw a vertical line through the dent - the two halves should NOT match exactly.

4. Hatua 4

   Ongeza shina, likiegemea kutoka kwenye sehemu iliyobonyea.

   A stem is a short thick tube, not a hair. Give it some width and let it lean - a vertical stem in the middle is the fastest way to make an apple look like a cartoon.

   Jihadhari Drawing it as a single thin line straight up.

   Chunguza It should be thick enough to have two sides.

5. Hatua 5

   Ongeza jani: Tenge mbili zilizojipinda kwenye sehemu fulani.

   One curve is the top edge, the other the bottom, and they meet at a tip. Attach it to the stem rather than floating it nearby - the join is what stops it looking pasted on.

   Jihadhari Drawing the leaf as an oval, which reads as a balloon.

   Chunguza Both curves should meet at both ends: base and tip.

6. Hatua 6

   Amua mahali ambapo nuru inatoka na kuitia alama.

   Everything from here depends on this one decision, so make it consciously rather than letting it drift. Pick a direction - upper left is easiest - and commit. If you have a real apple, put a lamp on one side of it and look.

   Jihadhari Not deciding, then shading a bit everywhere. That is the single reason most beginner drawings look flat.

   Chunguza You should be able to say out loud where the light is.

7. Hatua 7

   Elekea jambo kuu mahali ambapo nuru hupiga moja kwa moja.

   The brightest spot is not on the edge - it is on the part of the surface facing the light most squarely, which on a sphere is inside the form, slightly up and toward the light. Outline it now so you remember not to shade it.

   Jihadhari Putting the highlight on the outline instead of inside the shape.

   Chunguza The highlight should be surrounded by apple on all sides.

8. Hatua 8

   Piga kando upande wa magharibi mbali na nuru, ukiwa na giza kubwa kwenye ukingo.

   Work in one direction rather than scrubbing back and forth. Scrubbing produces an even grey, which is exactly the thing that makes a drawing look flat, so lay your strokes the same way and build the darkness up in passes.

   Jihadhari Being too timid. Beginners routinely stop two or three steps short of dark enough.

   Chunguza The darkest area should be clearly darker than the mid tone, not slightly.

9. Hatua 9

   Hakikisha kivuli hicho kuelekea nuru kwa hiyo hakuna njia ngumu.

   On a round object the transition from light to dark is gradual - a hard edge would mean a sharp corner. This soft band is called the core shadow and getting it to fade is most of what makes a sphere read as a sphere.

   Jihadhari Leaving a visible seam where the shading starts.

   Chunguza Run a finger along the transition. You should not be able to point at where it begins.

10. Hatua 10

    Acha kikundi chepesi kwenye ukingo wa chini kabisa.

    Light bounces up off the table and catches the underside. That thin lighter strip is called reflected light, and it is what stops the apple looking glued to the background. It is subtle - lighter than the core shadow, still darker than the lit side.

    Jihadhari Making it as bright as the highlight, which flattens the bottom of the apple out again.

    Chunguza Three values along the bottom: dark, then slightly lighter, then the shadow on the table.

11. Hatua 11

    Ongeza kivuli juu ya meza, mbali na nuru.

    The cast shadow is darkest where it meets the apple and softens as it moves away. It also anchors the fruit to a surface - without it the apple floats, however well you have shaded it.

    Jihadhari Drawing it as an even grey oval detached from the apple.

    Chunguza It should touch the apple and be darkest right at that contact point.

12. Hatua 12

    Ukizidi giza, chunguza mahali ulipo.

    Hold your drawing at arm's length and squint. You should see a clear lightest area, a clear darkest area, and a smooth ramp between. If everything sits in a narrow band of grey, push the darks - almost nobody pushes them far enough on a first attempt.

    Jihadhari Lightening the highlight instead of darkening the shadow. Contrast comes from the dark end.

    Chunguza Squint at it. Can you still see three distinct values?

13. Hatua 13

    Chunguza muhtasari, ukitofautisha jinsi unavyofinyana.

    A real edge is not one uniform line. Where the form turns away from you into shadow it is darker and firmer; where the light hits it the edge almost disappears. Varying it is the last thing that separates a drawing from a colouring page.

    Jihadhari Tracing the whole outline at one weight, which undoes the roundness you just shaded in.

    Chunguza The outline on the shadow side should be visibly darker than on the lit side.