How to Draw a Book

قدم به قدم

1. قدم 1

   ستون فقرات رو به شکل يه خط کوتاه توي وسط بکشين

   Everything hangs off this. The spine is the hinge, and both page halves are measured from it - which is why drawing it first stops the book coming out bent.

   مواظب باش Starting with a page and adding the spine afterwards.

   چک It should be vertical and near the middle of your page.

2. قدم 2

   هر صفحه را به صورت یک تکه در بیاورید و به صورت یک تکه در بیاورید.

   These are the edges going away from you, so they converge. Not dramatically - a few degrees is enough. This single detail is what separates a box from a folded rectangle.

   مواظب باش Drawing them parallel, or worse, diverging.

   چک Extended, the two lines should eventually meet.

3. قدم 3

   هر صفحه را با لبه بیرونی که به سمت شما برمی‌گردد ببندید.

   These are the short edges of the covers. Keep them roughly the same length as each other - the two halves of an open book are the same size, and any difference reads as a mistake rather than as perspective.

   مواظب باش Making one cover visibly longer than the other.

   چک Both outer edges should be about the same length.

4. قدم 4

   برگ‌ها را از زیر درخت به سمت پایین می‌برند.

   This closes the two page shapes. Corners must actually meet - overshoot slightly and let the lines cross rather than aiming to stop exactly on the point, because a crossed corner reads as closed and a gap does not.

   مواظب باش Stopping just short, leaving four small gaps.

   چک Every corner should be closed or slightly crossed.

5. قدم 5

   ضخامت را ترسیم کنید: خطوط کوتاه از هر گوشه بیرونی به پایین.

   A book is a solid, not a sheet. These three short verticals turn the flat shape into a box, and they must all be the same length - unequal ones make the book look warped.

   مواظب باش Making the three drop lines different lengths.

   چک All three verticals should measure the same.

6. قدم 6

   این خطوط را به هم وصل کنید تا زیر خط را ببندید.

   Now the box is complete. These lines run parallel to the edges directly above them - if they do not, the thickness of the book changes along its length, which is the classic wobbly-box look.

   مواظب باش Drawing these at a different angle from the edges above.

   چک Each bottom edge should run parallel to the one above it.

7. قدم 7

   در این روش، هر صفحه را به صورت دو یا سه خط کوتاه در هر لبه قرار می‌دهیم.

   Pages read as a stack, not a slab. Two or three lines following the cover edge is enough for the eye to fill in hundreds - drawing more just makes it look hatched.

   مواظب باش Drawing one hard line, which reads as solid wood.

   چک You should see distinct layers, not a filled band.

8. قدم 8

   یک منحنی کوچک در هر صفحه در نزدیکی پشت خط بکشید.

   Open pages are not flat - they dip toward the spine. Adding that curve is the difference between an open book and two flat cards taped together, and it takes one stroke each side.

   مواظب باش Leaving the pages perfectly flat.

   چک Each page should dip slightly as it approaches the spine.

9. قدم 9

   اضافه کردن خطوط متن، با توجه به زاویه صفحه.

   Text lines run parallel to the top edge of the page they sit on, which means they are NOT horizontal - they lean with the perspective. Drawing them level is the fastest way to flatten a book you have just built.

   مواظب باش Drawing the text lines horizontally.

   چک The text lines should lean the same way as the page's top edge.

10. قدم 10

    . سمت کتاب رو از نور دور کن

    Work in one direction rather than scrubbing back and forth. Scrubbing gives an even grey, which is exactly the thing that makes a drawing look flat, so lay the strokes the same way and build the darkness in passes.

    مواظب باش Being too timid. Beginners routinely stop two or three steps short of dark enough.

    چک The dark side should be clearly darker than the mid tone, not slightly.

11. قدم 11

    سایه را روی سطح زیرین اضافه کنید.

    The cast shadow is darkest where it touches the book and softens as it moves away. It also anchors the object to a surface - without it the book floats, however well you have shaded it.

    مواظب باش Drawing it as an even grey blob detached from the object.

    چک It should touch the object and be darkest at that contact point.

12. قدم 12

    از خطايي که ميخواي نگه داري عبور کن و راهنماها رو از دست بده

    This is the step that turns a construction drawing into a finished one, and it is the one most people skip. Press harder on the outline and the features; leave the small stuff light. That difference in weight is what makes a drawing look deliberate rather than traced, and it costs thirty seconds.

    مواظب باش Going over everything at the same weight, which flattens the drawing back out.

    چک The outline should be clearly darker than the smallest details.