How to Draw a Book

Քայլ առ քայլ

1. Քայլ 1

   Ցույց տալ ողնաշարը որպես միջինում գտնվող կարճ գծով։

   Everything hangs off this. The spine is the hinge, and both page halves are measured from it - which is why drawing it first stops the book coming out bent.

   Օգտագործեք ՝ Starting with a page and adding the spine afterwards.

   Ստուգել It should be vertical and near the middle of your page.

2. Քայլ 2

   Ցույց տալ յուրաքանչյուր էջի վերին եզրը, միմյանց նկատմամբ մի փոքր թեքված։

   These are the edges going away from you, so they converge. Not dramatically - a few degrees is enough. This single detail is what separates a box from a folded rectangle.

   Օգտագործեք ՝ Drawing them parallel, or worse, diverging.

   Ստուգել Extended, the two lines should eventually meet.

3. Քայլ 3

   Առաջին էջը փակել այնպես, որ արտաքին եզրը ձեզ մոտ լինի։

   These are the short edges of the covers. Keep them roughly the same length as each other - the two halves of an open book are the same size, and any difference reads as a mistake rather than as perspective.

   Օգտագործեք ՝ Making one cover visibly longer than the other.

   Ստուգել Both outer edges should be about the same length.

4. Քայլ 4

   Միացրեք արտաքին եզրերը և վերադարձրեք ողնաշարի ներքևի մասը։

   This closes the two page shapes. Corners must actually meet - overshoot slightly and let the lines cross rather than aiming to stop exactly on the point, because a crossed corner reads as closed and a gap does not.

   Օգտագործեք ՝ Stopping just short, leaving four small gaps.

   Ստուգել Every corner should be closed or slightly crossed.

5. Քայլ 5

   Ցույց տալ հաստությունը՝ յուրաքանչյուր արտաքին անկյունից ցածր փոքր գծերով։

   A book is a solid, not a sheet. These three short verticals turn the flat shape into a box, and they must all be the same length - unequal ones make the book look warped.

   Օգտագործեք ՝ Making the three drop lines different lengths.

   Ստուգել All three verticals should measure the same.

6. Քայլ 6

   Միացրեք այդ գծերի ստորին մասերը, որպեսզի փակեք ներքևի մասը։

   Now the box is complete. These lines run parallel to the edges directly above them - if they do not, the thickness of the book changes along its length, which is the classic wobbly-box look.

   Օգտագործեք ՝ Drawing these at a different angle from the edges above.

   Ստուգել Each bottom edge should run parallel to the one above it.

7. Քայլ 7

   Ավելացնել էջերի կուտակման յուրաքանչյուր եզրին երկու կամ երեք կարճ գծեր

   Pages read as a stack, not a slab. Two or three lines following the cover edge is enough for the eye to fill in hundreds - drawing more just makes it look hatched.

   Օգտագործեք ՝ Drawing one hard line, which reads as solid wood.

   Ստուգել You should see distinct layers, not a filled band.

8. Քայլ 8

   Ցույց տալ փոքրիկ կլորություն յուրաքանչյուր էջում, որը գտնվում է սկավառակի ետևում։

   Open pages are not flat - they dip toward the spine. Adding that curve is the difference between an open book and two flat cards taped together, and it takes one stroke each side.

   Օգտագործեք ՝ Leaving the pages perfectly flat.

   Ստուգել Each page should dip slightly as it approaches the spine.

9. Քայլ 9

   Add lines of text, following the page angle.

   Text lines run parallel to the top edge of the page they sit on, which means they are NOT horizontal - they lean with the perspective. Drawing them level is the fastest way to flatten a book you have just built.

   Օգտագործեք ՝ Drawing the text lines horizontally.

   Ստուգել The text lines should lean the same way as the page's top edge.

10. Քայլ 10

    Գրքի եզրին լույսից հեռու թողեք տերևները։

    Work in one direction rather than scrubbing back and forth. Scrubbing gives an even grey, which is exactly the thing that makes a drawing look flat, so lay the strokes the same way and build the darkness in passes.

    Օգտագործեք ՝ Being too timid. Beginners routinely stop two or three steps short of dark enough.

    Ստուգել The dark side should be clearly darker than the mid tone, not slightly.

11. Քայլ 11

    Ավելացնել տակ գտնվող մակերեսին տակնուվրա

    The cast shadow is darkest where it touches the book and softens as it moves away. It also anchors the object to a surface - without it the book floats, however well you have shaded it.

    Օգտագործեք ՝ Drawing it as an even grey blob detached from the object.

    Ստուգել It should touch the object and be darkest at that contact point.

12. Քայլ 12

    Գնացեք այն գիծը, որ ցանկանում եք պահել, և կորցրեք ուղեցույցները։

    This is the step that turns a construction drawing into a finished one, and it is the one most people skip. Press harder on the outline and the features; leave the small stuff light. That difference in weight is what makes a drawing look deliberate rather than traced, and it costs thirty seconds.

    Օգտագործեք ՝ Going over everything at the same weight, which flattens the drawing back out.

    Ստուգել The outline should be clearly darker than the smallest details.