How to Draw a Book

Қадамма-қадам

1. Қадам 1

   Оғирлик марказини ўртадан пастга қараб қисқа чизиқ қилиб чизинг.

   Everything hangs off this. The spine is the hinge, and both page halves are measured from it - which is why drawing it first stops the book coming out bent.

   Эҳтиёт бўлинг! Starting with a page and adding the spine afterwards.

   _Ташхислаш It should be vertical and near the middle of your page.

2. Қадам 2

   Ҳар бир саҳифанинг юқори четини бир-бирига нисбатан бироз бурилиб чизинг.

   These are the edges going away from you, so they converge. Not dramatically - a few degrees is enough. This single detail is what separates a box from a folded rectangle.

   Эҳтиёт бўлинг! Drawing them parallel, or worse, diverging.

   _Ташхислаш Extended, the two lines should eventually meet.

3. Қадам 3

   Ҳар бир саҳифани ўзингизга қараб ичкари томони билан ёпинг.

   These are the short edges of the covers. Keep them roughly the same length as each other - the two halves of an open book are the same size, and any difference reads as a mistake rather than as perspective.

   Эҳтиёт бўлинг! Making one cover visibly longer than the other.

   _Ташхислаш Both outer edges should be about the same length.

4. Қадам 4

   Буни амалга ошириш учун, аввало, тегишли файлни танлаш керак.

   This closes the two page shapes. Corners must actually meet - overshoot slightly and let the lines cross rather than aiming to stop exactly on the point, because a crossed corner reads as closed and a gap does not.

   Эҳтиёт бўлинг! Stopping just short, leaving four small gaps.

   _Ташхислаш Every corner should be closed or slightly crossed.

5. Қадам 5

   Ҳар бир ташқи бурчакдан пастга қараб узунроқ чизиқлар чизинг.

   A book is a solid, not a sheet. These three short verticals turn the flat shape into a box, and they must all be the same length - unequal ones make the book look warped.

   Эҳтиёт бўлинг! Making the three drop lines different lengths.

   _Ташхислаш All three verticals should measure the same.

6. Қадам 6

   Юқори қисмини ёпиш учун бу қаторларнинг пастки қисмини бирлаштиринг.

   Now the box is complete. These lines run parallel to the edges directly above them - if they do not, the thickness of the book changes along its length, which is the classic wobbly-box look.

   Эҳтиёт бўлинг! Drawing these at a different angle from the edges above.

   _Ташхислаш Each bottom edge should run parallel to the one above it.

7. Қадам 7

   Ҳар бир четда икки ёки учта қисқа сатр сифатида саҳифалар тўпламини қўшинг.

   Pages read as a stack, not a slab. Two or three lines following the cover edge is enough for the eye to fill in hundreds - drawing more just makes it look hatched.

   Эҳтиёт бўлинг! Drawing one hard line, which reads as solid wood.

   _Ташхислаш You should see distinct layers, not a filled band.

8. Қадам 8

   Ҳар бир саҳифада орқа томонга яқинроқда кичик бурчак чизинг.

   Open pages are not flat - they dip toward the spine. Adding that curve is the difference between an open book and two flat cards taped together, and it takes one stroke each side.

   Эҳтиёт бўлинг! Leaving the pages perfectly flat.

   _Ташхислаш Each page should dip slightly as it approaches the spine.

9. Қадам 9

   Матн сатрларини саҳифа бурчагига мувофиқ қўшиш.

   Text lines run parallel to the top edge of the page they sit on, which means they are NOT horizontal - they lean with the perspective. Drawing them level is the fastest way to flatten a book you have just built.

   Эҳтиёт бўлинг! Drawing the text lines horizontally.

   _Ташхислаш The text lines should lean the same way as the page's top edge.

10. Қадам 10

    Унинг оёқлари остида Аллоҳнинг оятлари бордир. У зотнинг оятлари ила одамларни ҳидоятга бошлайсан.

    Work in one direction rather than scrubbing back and forth. Scrubbing gives an even grey, which is exactly the thing that makes a drawing look flat, so lay the strokes the same way and build the darkness in passes.

    Эҳтиёт бўлинг! Being too timid. Beginners routinely stop two or three steps short of dark enough.

    _Ташхислаш The dark side should be clearly darker than the mid tone, not slightly.

11. Қадам 11

    Қуйидаги юзага соя қўшиш.

    The cast shadow is darkest where it touches the book and softens as it moves away. It also anchors the object to a surface - without it the book floats, however well you have shaded it.

    Эҳтиёт бўлинг! Drawing it as an even grey blob detached from the object.

    _Ташхислаш It should touch the object and be darkest at that contact point.

12. Қадам 12

    Сиз сақламоқчи бўлган чизиқлар устидан ўтинг ва ҳидоятчиларни йўқотинг.

    This is the step that turns a construction drawing into a finished one, and it is the one most people skip. Press harder on the outline and the features; leave the small stuff light. That difference in weight is what makes a drawing look deliberate rather than traced, and it costs thirty seconds.

    Эҳтиёт бўлинг! Going over everything at the same weight, which flattens the drawing back out.

    _Ташхислаш The outline should be clearly darker than the smallest details.