How to Draw a Book

Isigaba

1. Isigaba 1

   Zoba ikhanda njengelayini encane ephakathi.

   Everything hangs off this. The spine is the hinge, and both page halves are measured from it - which is why drawing it first stops the book coming out bent.

   Bona Starting with a page and adding the spine afterwards.

   Khangela It should be vertical and near the middle of your page.

2. Isigaba 2

   Zoba umkhawulo ophezulu wekhasi ngalinye, ubeke kancane ngalinye.

   These are the edges going away from you, so they converge. Not dramatically - a few degrees is enough. This single detail is what separates a box from a folded rectangle.

   Bona Drawing them parallel, or worse, diverging.

   Khangela Extended, the two lines should eventually meet.

3. Isigaba 3

   Vala ikhasi ngalinye ngengxenye yangaphandle ebuyela emuva kuwe.

   These are the short edges of the covers. Keep them roughly the same length as each other - the two halves of an open book are the same size, and any difference reads as a mistake rather than as perspective.

   Bona Making one cover visibly longer than the other.

   Khangela Both outer edges should be about the same length.

4. Isigaba 4

   Xhuma iziphetho zangaphandle emuva ekugcineni kwekhanda.

   This closes the two page shapes. Corners must actually meet - overshoot slightly and let the lines cross rather than aiming to stop exactly on the point, because a crossed corner reads as closed and a gap does not.

   Bona Stopping just short, leaving four small gaps.

   Khangela Every corner should be closed or slightly crossed.

5. Isigaba 5

   Zoba ububanzi: zoba nemigqa emincane ngezansi kusuka kunoma iyiphi i-corner yangaphandle.

   A book is a solid, not a sheet. These three short verticals turn the flat shape into a box, and they must all be the same length - unequal ones make the book look warped.

   Bona Making the three drop lines different lengths.

   Khangela All three verticals should measure the same.

6. Isigaba 6

   Xhuma iziqongo zalezi zindawo ukuze uvale ingxenye engezansi.

   Now the box is complete. These lines run parallel to the edges directly above them - if they do not, the thickness of the book changes along its length, which is the classic wobbly-box look.

   Bona Drawing these at a different angle from the edges above.

   Khangela Each bottom edge should run parallel to the one above it.

7. Isigaba 7

   Engeza ikhasi lokuhlanganiswa njengemigqa emincane emibini noma emithathu kumkhawulo ngamunye.

   Pages read as a stack, not a slab. Two or three lines following the cover edge is enough for the eye to fill in hundreds - drawing more just makes it look hatched.

   Bona Drawing one hard line, which reads as solid wood.

   Khangela You should see distinct layers, not a filled band.

8. Isigaba 8

   Zoba i-curve encane kukhasi ngalinye eliphakathi kwesokudla.

   Open pages are not flat - they dip toward the spine. Adding that curve is the difference between an open book and two flat cards taped together, and it takes one stroke each side.

   Bona Leaving the pages perfectly flat.

   Khangela Each page should dip slightly as it approaches the spine.

9. Isigaba 9

   Engeza imizila yombhalo, landela ikhasi le-engile.

   Text lines run parallel to the top edge of the page they sit on, which means they are NOT horizontal - they lean with the perspective. Drawing them level is the fastest way to flatten a book you have just built.

   Bona Drawing the text lines horizontally.

   Khangela The text lines should lean the same way as the page's top edge.

10. Isigaba 10

    I-shade ingxenye yencwadi esuka ekukhanyani.

    Work in one direction rather than scrubbing back and forth. Scrubbing gives an even grey, which is exactly the thing that makes a drawing look flat, so lay the strokes the same way and build the darkness in passes.

    Bona Being too timid. Beginners routinely stop two or three steps short of dark enough.

    Khangela The dark side should be clearly darker than the mid tone, not slightly.

11. Isigaba 11

    Engeza isithunzi kubuso obungaphansi.

    The cast shadow is darkest where it touches the book and softens as it moves away. It also anchors the object to a surface - without it the book floats, however well you have shaded it.

    Bona Drawing it as an even grey blob detached from the object.

    Khangela It should touch the object and be darkest at that contact point.

12. Isigaba 12

    Iya phezu kwemigqa ofuna ukuyigcina, bese ulahlekelwa izikhombisi.

    This is the step that turns a construction drawing into a finished one, and it is the one most people skip. Press harder on the outline and the features; leave the small stuff light. That difference in weight is what makes a drawing look deliberate rather than traced, and it costs thirty seconds.

    Bona Going over everything at the same weight, which flattens the drawing back out.

    Khangela The outline should be clearly darker than the smallest details.