How to Draw a Whale
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Begin with the body shape.
The body should be symmetrical about its long axis.
E tātuhi ana ki runga pepa?
Ka whakatūtū, ka whakamātauria e tātau te whakaahua mō koe. He ōrite tonu te tatau pepa.
Mo tēnei tātuhi
A whale is the biggest thing you will ever draw with the fewest lines: one enormous oval, a horizontal tail, and a mouth line that runs a third of the body's length. The difficulty is not the shapes - it is having the nerve to let one oval be most of the drawing.
Like every fish here, it is one oval with a tail, and everything else - fins, gill, eye - attaches to that oval by overlapping it.
He hipanga ki te hipanga
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Ka taea te whakahau 1
Begin with the body shape.
One long oval, drawn fast. Fish bodies are smooth in a way hands are bad at producing slowly, so go round the shape in one continuous motion and keep the best pass.
Whakawhanake A lumpy body built from careful short strokes.
Whakamātautau The body should be symmetrical about its long axis.
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Ka taea te whakahau 2
Add the tail, about a third of the body length.
The tail is bigger than you think - often a third of the body's length. An undersized tail is the single thing that makes a drawn fish read as a leaf.
Whakawhanake A small tail tucked against the body.
Whakamātautau The tail should be about a third of the body length.
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Ka taea te whakahau 3
Add one curve for the gill.
One curve, following the round of the head, roughly a fifth of the way along. It separates head from body and does more work than any other single line on the fish.
Whakawhanake A straight gill line, which flattens the head.
Whakamātautau The gill curve should bow the same way as the nose.
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Ka taea te whakahau 4
Draw the eye above the middle line.
High and forward - roughly where the gill curve meets the top third. Round, dark centre, one highlight. Too low or too far back and the fish stops looking alert.
Whakawhanake Centring the eye in the head.
Whakamātautau The eye should sit above the body's midline.
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Ka taea te whakahau 5
Add the mouth.
The mouth sits at the very front, lower than the eye, and it is smaller than instinct says. A short curve is enough - an open grin turns the fish into a cartoon.
Whakawhanake A large smiling mouth.
Whakamātautau The mouth should be below and forward of the eye.
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Ka taea te whakahau 6
Draw the dorsal fin.
Start the fin lines INSIDE the body so they cross the outline. That overlap is what attaches the fin - drawn outside the line it floats like a flag.
Whakawhanake A fin sitting on the outline without crossing it.
Whakamātautau Fin lines should visibly cross the body outline.
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Ka taea te whakahau 7
Add the bottom fin to match.
Compare it to the top fin, not to your idea of a fin: position, rake and size all read against the one you already drew.
Whakawhanake A bottom fin that mirrors the top exactly - they rarely match in nature.
Whakamātautau The two fins should differ, deliberately.
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Ka taea te whakahau 8
Add the near fin.
The pectoral fin is the smallest and it sits just behind the gill curve, angled back. It is the one nearest the viewer, so it draws over the body.
Whakawhanake Making the side fin as big as the others.
Whakamātautau It should be clearly the smallest fin.
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Ka taea te whakahau 9
Put in the body pattern.
Suggest, never itemise. A handful of marks near the head lets the eye tile the rest of the body; drawing every scale turns the fish into a texture swatch.
Whakawhanake Covering the whole body in scales.
Whakamātautau Most of the body should still be empty.
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Ka taea te whakahau 10
Add the identifying detail.
Species markings follow the body's curve and fade toward the belly. Put them on deliberately - they are the difference between a fish and this fish.
Whakawhanake Markings drawn flat across a curved body.
Whakamātautau Stripes or patches should bend with the form.
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Ka taea te whakahau 11
Put shadow beneath to give it volume.
The underside is darker - light comes from above, even underwater in a drawing. One soft band of tone along the belly makes the whole fish read as round.
Whakawhanake Even tone everywhere, which flattens the body.
Whakamātautau The belly should be clearly darker than the back.
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Ka taea te whakahau 12
Add the water: bubbles off the mouth, two ripple lines.
Three bubbles of different sizes rising off the mouth and two long ripple lines are the entire ocean - more reads as boiling. The bubbles shrink as they rise, and the ripples drift horizontal, which is what places the whale in water instead of in white space.
Whakawhanake A column of same-size bubbles, or ripples that wave like flags.
Whakamātautau The bubbles should get smaller as they rise.
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Ka taea te whakahau 13
Strengthen the keepers and erase the guides.
Darken the silhouette and the tail, keep pattern marks light, erase the construction oval. Weight contrast finishes the drawing.
Whakawhanake Every line at the same weight.
Whakamātautau The outline should dominate when you squint.
He pēhea te āhua o te whakamutua
Ko te tātuhi ōrite me ia kaiārahi i whakakoretia, ā, ko ngā raina anake i hiahiatia e koe kia pupuri, i te taumahatanga i hiahiatia e koe kia pupuri. Mēnā kei roto tonu i ōna raina pū me ngā hanga ārai-i roto, ko tēnei te hipanga kāore i mahia e koe - ā, tata ki te toru tekau mā rua ngā taki.
Kāore e āhua nei a koe, ā, kāore e hiahiatia kia. Ko tēnei te hanganga me te whakawhāiti i te whakawhāiti, ehara i te tātuhi i hangaia e tētahi tangata hei whakamātautau - ko te take kia whakaaturia ki a koe he aha o o koe ngā raina kaiārahi.
Ko te mea e whakaako ana tēnei i a koe
The skill underneath is the confident single oval: fish bodies punish hesitant strokes more than almost any subject, which makes them excellent line-confidence practice wearing a costume.
The whale is a scale lesson: nothing about a drawing is big or small until something else gives it context, and a tiny eye against a vast oval is the cheapest scale cue in drawing.
Whakamātautau i ēnei: Line confidence Proportion Value range
Ko te mea e hiahiatia ana e koe
A pencil, kept light until the last step, and an eraser you will actually use. The construction is deliberately drawn to be removed.
Mēnā he hē te haere
If it looks like a fish, the tail is vertical. A whale's tail flukes are HORIZONTAL - two lobes spread sideways - because whales swim by pumping up and down, not side to side.
If it looks small, nothing in the drawing says scale. Add the throat grooves - long parallel lines under the jaw - and keep the eye tiny; a small eye on a big mass reads as enormous.
If the spout looks like smoke, simplify it to two or three arcs stacked above the blowhole. A cloud of scribble reads as a fire.
Pānuitia nga hipanga
E tangohia ana i te mata. Ka tātuhia te pepa hipanga ki runga i tētahi pātaka.
Ko nga pātai e pā ana te tangata
- How do I draw a whale's tail?
- As two horizontal flukes spread sideways - never vertical, which is a fish. The horizontal tail is the single most important fact about the drawing.
- How do I make my whale look big?
- Keep the eye tiny relative to the body and add the long parallel throat grooves. Scale comes from contrast, not from drawing large.
- How do I draw the whale's spout?
- Two or three simple arcs stacked above the blowhole, and stop. A detailed spray cloud reads as smoke.
- How do I start drawing a whale?
- One body oval, drawn fast in one motion, then the tail before any detail. Everything else - fins, gill, eye - attaches to that oval by overlapping it, which is what keeps the parts reading as one animal.
- How big should the tail be on a whale?
- Bigger than feels right - about a third of the body length. An undersized tail is what makes a drawn fish read as a leaf.
- Do I have to draw all the scales on a whale?
- No, and you should not. A few marks near the head let the eye tile the rest of the body on its own; drawing every scale turns the animal into a texture swatch and loses the big shape you built first.
- Can a beginner draw a whale?
- Yes - it is one oval, a triangle and some overlapping fins, with a finish-early step marked partway through.
- Why do the fins on my whale look stuck on?
- They are not crossing the body outline. Start each fin line inside the body so it visibly overlaps the oval - that overlap is the attachment, and it is the single trick this whole family of lessons keeps reusing.