How to Draw a Book

خطوة خطوة

1. الدرجة 1

   رسم العمود الفقري كخط قصير في الوسط.

   Everything hangs off this. The spine is the hinge, and both page halves are measured from it - which is why drawing it first stops the book coming out bent.

   إنتبه Starting with a page and adding the spine afterwards.

   .. تحقق It should be vertical and near the middle of your page.

2. الدرجة 2

   رسم الحافة العليا لكل صفحة، منحنية قليلا نحو بعضها البعض.

   These are the edges going away from you, so they converge. Not dramatically - a few degrees is enough. This single detail is what separates a box from a folded rectangle.

   إنتبه Drawing them parallel, or worse, diverging.

   .. تحقق Extended, the two lines should eventually meet.

3. الدرجة 3

   أغلق كل صفحة بحافة خارجية تعود نحوك

   These are the short edges of the covers. Keep them roughly the same length as each other - the two halves of an open book are the same size, and any difference reads as a mistake rather than as perspective.

   إنتبه Making one cover visibly longer than the other.

   .. تحقق Both outer edges should be about the same length.

4. الدرجة 4

   يربط الحواف الخارجية مرة أخرى إلى أسفل العمود الفقري.

   This closes the two page shapes. Corners must actually meet - overshoot slightly and let the lines cross rather than aiming to stop exactly on the point, because a crossed corner reads as closed and a gap does not.

   إنتبه Stopping just short, leaving four small gaps.

   .. تحقق Every corner should be closed or slightly crossed.

5. الدرجة 5

   رسم السمك: خطوط قصيرة من كل زاوية خارجية.

   A book is a solid, not a sheet. These three short verticals turn the flat shape into a box, and they must all be the same length - unequal ones make the book look warped.

   إنتبه Making the three drop lines different lengths.

   .. تحقق All three verticals should measure the same.

6. الدرجة 6

   تواصلوا مع أسفل تلك الخطوط لإغلاق الجانب السفلي.

   Now the box is complete. These lines run parallel to the edges directly above them - if they do not, the thickness of the book changes along its length, which is the classic wobbly-box look.

   إنتبه Drawing these at a different angle from the edges above.

   .. تحقق Each bottom edge should run parallel to the one above it.

7. الدرجة 7

   إضافة كومة الصفحات كخطين أو ثلاثة خطوط قصيرة على كل جانب.

   Pages read as a stack, not a slab. Two or three lines following the cover edge is enough for the eye to fill in hundreds - drawing more just makes it look hatched.

   إنتبه Drawing one hard line, which reads as solid wood.

   .. تحقق You should see distinct layers, not a filled band.

8. الدرجة 8

   رسم منحنى طفيف في كل صفحة بالقرب من العمود الفقري.

   Open pages are not flat - they dip toward the spine. Adding that curve is the difference between an open book and two flat cards taped together, and it takes one stroke each side.

   إنتبه Leaving the pages perfectly flat.

   .. تحقق Each page should dip slightly as it approaches the spine.

9. الدرجة 9

   أضف سطور النص، وفقاً لزاوية الصفحة.

   Text lines run parallel to the top edge of the page they sit on, which means they are NOT horizontal - they lean with the perspective. Drawing them level is the fastest way to flatten a book you have just built.

   إنتبه Drawing the text lines horizontally.

   .. تحقق The text lines should lean the same way as the page's top edge.

10. الدرجة 10

    ظل جانب الكتاب بعيداً عن الضوء

    Work in one direction rather than scrubbing back and forth. Scrubbing gives an even grey, which is exactly the thing that makes a drawing look flat, so lay the strokes the same way and build the darkness in passes.

    إنتبه Being too timid. Beginners routinely stop two or three steps short of dark enough.

    .. تحقق The dark side should be clearly darker than the mid tone, not slightly.

11. الدرجة 11

    أضف الظل على السطح الأسفل.

    The cast shadow is darkest where it touches the book and softens as it moves away. It also anchors the object to a surface - without it the book floats, however well you have shaded it.

    إنتبه Drawing it as an even grey blob detached from the object.

    .. تحقق It should touch the object and be darkest at that contact point.

12. الدرجة 12

    ذهب فوق الخطوط التي تريد أن تحافظ عليها، وفقد الإرشادات.

    This is the step that turns a construction drawing into a finished one, and it is the one most people skip. Press harder on the outline and the features; leave the small stuff light. That difference in weight is what makes a drawing look deliberate rather than traced, and it costs thirty seconds.

    إنتبه Going over everything at the same weight, which flattens the drawing back out.

    .. تحقق The outline should be clearly darker than the smallest details.